J. Cell Biol.
© The Rockefeller University Press
0021-9525/97/12/1281/12 $2.00
Volume 139, Number 5, December 1, 1997 1281-1292

Movement of Bax from the Cytosol to Mitochondria during Apoptosis

Keith G. Wolter,^* Yi-Te Hsu,^* Carolyn L. Smith, Amotz Nechushtan,^* Xu-Guang Xi,^* and Richard J. Youle^*

^* Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, and  Light Microscopy Facility, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892

Bax, a member of the Bcl-2 protein family, accelerates apoptosis by an unknown mechanism. Bax has been recently reported to be an integral membrane protein associated with organelles or bound to organelles by Bcl-2 or a soluble protein found in the cytosol. To explore Bcl-2 family member localization in living cells, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was fused to the NH₂ termini of Bax, Bcl-2, and Bcl-X_L. Confocal microscopy performed on living Cos-7 kidney epithelial cells and L929 fibroblasts revealed that GFP-Bcl-2 and GFP-Bcl-X_L had a punctate distribution and colocalized with a mitochondrial marker, whereas GFP-Bax was found diffusely throughout the cytosol. Photobleaching analysis confirmed that GFP-Bax is a soluble protein, in contrast to organelle-bound GFP-Bcl-2. The diffuse localization of GFP-Bax did not change with coexpression of high levels of Bcl-2 or Bcl-X_L. However, upon induction of apoptosis, GFP-Bax moved intracellularly to a punctate distribution that partially colocalized with mitochondria. Once initiated, this Bax movement was complete within 30 min, before cellular shrinkage or nuclear condensation. Removal of a COOH-terminal hydrophobic domain from GFP-Bax inhibited redistribution during apoptosis and inhibited the death-promoting activity of both Bax and GFP- Bax. These results demonstrate that in cells undergoing apoptosis, an early, dramatic change occurs in the intracellular localization of Bax, and this redistribution of soluble Bax to organelles appears important for Bax to promote cell death.

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Banadyga, L., Veugelers, K., Campbell, S., Barry, M. (2009). The Fowlpox Virus BCL-2 Homologue, FPV039, Interacts with Activated Bax and a Discrete Subset of BH3-Only Proteins To Inhibit Apoptosis. J. Virol. 83: 7085-7098 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Plant, P. J., Bain, J. R., Correa, J. E., Woo, M., Batt, J. (2009). Absence of caspase-3 protects against denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. J. Appl. Physiol. 107: 224-234 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Martinez-Caballero, S., Dejean, L. M., Kinnally, M. S., Oh, K. J., Mannella, C. A., Kinnally, K. W. (2009). Assembly of the Mitochondrial Apoptosis-induced Channel, MAC. J. Biol. Chem. 284: 12235-12245 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Szegezdi, E., MacDonald, D. C., Ni Chonghaile, T., Gupta, S., Samali, A. (2009). Bcl-2 family on guard at the ER. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 296: C941-C953 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brunelle, J. K., Letai, A. (2009). Control of mitochondrial apoptosis by the Bcl-2 family. J. Cell Sci. 122: 437-441 [Full Text]  
• Lauritsen, J.-P. H., Kurella, S., Lee, S.-Y., Lefebvre, J. M., Rhodes, M., Alberola-Ila, J., Wiest, D. L. (2008). Egr2 Is Required for Bcl-2 Induction during Positive Selection. J. Immunol. 181: 7778-7785 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Liu, J., Zhou, W., Li, S.-S., Sun, Z., Lin, B., Lang, Y.-Y., He, J.-Y., Cao, X., Yan, T., Wang, L., Lu, J., Han, Y.-H., Cao, Y., Zhang, X.-k., Zeng, J.-Z. (2008). Modulation of Orphan Nuclear Receptor Nur77-Mediated Apoptotic Pathway by Acetylshikonin and Analogues. Cancer Res. 68: 8871-8880 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jin, J., Hou, Q., Mullen, T. D., Zeidan, Y. H., Bielawski, J., Kraveka, J. M., Bielawska, A., Obeid, L. M., Hannun, Y. A., Hsu, Y.-T. (2008). Ceramide Generated by Sphingomyelin Hydrolysis and the Salvage Pathway Is Involved in Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-induced Bax Redistribution to Mitochondria in NT-2 Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 26509-26517 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Padhan, K., Minakshi, R., Towheed, M. A. B., Jameel, S. (2008). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3a protein activates the mitochondrial death pathway through p38 MAP kinase activation. J. Gen. Virol. 89: 1960-1969 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yu, K., He, Y., Yeung, L. W. Y., Lam, P. K. S., Wu, R. S. S., Zhou, B. (2008). DE-71-Induced Apoptosis Involving Intracellular Calcium and the Bax-Mitochondria-Caspase Protease Pathway in Human Neuroblastoma Cells In Vitro. Toxicol Sci 104: 341-351 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Norris, K. L., Youle, R. J. (2008). Cytomegalovirus Proteins vMIA and m38.5 Link Mitochondrial Morphogenesis to Bcl-2 Family Proteins. J. Virol. 82: 6232-6243 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Upreti, M., Chu, R., Galitovskaya, E., Smart, S. K., Chambers, T. C. (2008). Key role for Bak activation and Bak-Bax interaction in the apoptotic response to vinblastine. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 7: 2224-2232 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhou, L., Chang, D. C. (2008). Dynamics and structure of the Bax-Bak complex responsible for releasing mitochondrial proteins during apoptosis. J. Cell Sci. 121: 2186-2196 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kim, S. Y., Jun, H. S., Mead, P. A., Mansfield, B. C., Chou, J. Y. (2008). Neutrophil stress and apoptosis underlie myeloid dysfunction in glycogen storage disease type Ib. Blood 111: 5704-5711 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhao, J., Chen, J., Lu, B., Dong, L., Wang, H., Bi, C., Wu, G., Guo, H., Wu, M., Guo, Y. (2008). TIP30 Induces Apoptosis under Oxidative Stress through Stabilization of p53 Messenger RNA in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Res. 68: 4133-4141 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yang, X., Luo, C., Cai, J., Pierce, W. M., Tezel, G. (2008). Phosphorylation-Dependent Interaction with 14-3-3 in the Regulation of Bad Trafficking in Retinal Ganglion Cells. IOVS 49: 2483-2494 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Son, K.-N., Becker, R. P., Kallio, P., Lipton, H. L. (2008). Theiler's Virus-Induced Intrinsic Apoptosis in M1-D Macrophages Is Bax Mediated and Restricts Virus Infectivity: a Mechanism for Persistence of a Cytolytic Virus. J. Virol. 82: 4502-4510 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Davies, J. E., Sarkar, S., Rubinsztein, D. C. (2008). Wild-type PABPN1 is anti-apoptotic and reduces toxicity of the oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy mutation. Hum Mol Genet 17: 1097-1108 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sasaki, Y., Negishi, H., Idogawa, M., Suzuki, H., Mita, H., Toyota, M., Shinomura, Y., Imai, K., Tokino, T. (2008). Histone deacetylase inhibitor FK228 enhances adenovirus-mediated p53 family gene therapy in cancer models. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 7: 779-787 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Reed, J. C. (2008). Bcl-2-family proteins and hematologic malignancies: history and future prospects. Blood 111: 3322-3330 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hussain, S.-R. A., Lucas, D. M., Johnson, A. J., Lin, T. S., Bakaletz, A. P., Dang, V. X., Viatchenko-Karpinski, S., Ruppert, A. S., Byrd, J. C., Kuppusamy, P., Crouser, E. D., Grever, M. R. (2008). Flavopiridol causes early mitochondrial damage in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with impaired oxygen consumption and mobilization of intracellular calcium. Blood 111: 3190-3199 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gillick, K., Crompton, M. (2008). Evaluating cytochrome c diffusion in the intermembrane spaces of mitochondria during cytochrome c release. J. Cell Sci. 121: 618-626 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brocardo, M., Lei, Y., Tighe, A., Taylor, S. S., Mok, M. T. S., Henderson, B. R. (2008). Mitochondrial Targeting of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein Is Stimulated by Truncating Cancer Mutations: REGULATION OF Bcl-2 AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CELL SURVIVAL. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 5950-5959 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Danial, N. N. (2007). BCL-2 Family Proteins: Critical Checkpoints of Apoptotic Cell Death. Clin. Cancer Res. 13: 7254-7263 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arokium, H., Ouerfelli, H., Velours, G., Camougrand, N., Vallette, F. M., Manon, S. (2007). Substitutions of Potentially Phosphorylatable Serine Residues of Bax Reveal How They May Regulate Its Interaction with Mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 35104-35112 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Steckley, D., Karajgikar, M., Dale, L. B., Fuerth, B., Swan, P., Drummond-Main, C., Poulter, M. O., Ferguson, S. S. G., Strasser, A., Cregan, S. P. (2007). Puma Is a Dominant Regulator of Oxidative Stress Induced Bax Activation and Neuronal Apoptosis. J. Neurosci. 27: 12989-12999 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Laforge, M., Petit, F., Estaquier, J., Senik, A. (2007). Commitment to Apoptosis in CD4+ T Lymphocytes Productively Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Is Initiated by Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization, Itself Induced by the Isolated Expression of the Viral Protein Nef. J. Virol. 81: 11426-11440 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Subramanian, T., Vijayalingam, S., Lomonosova, E., Zhao, L.-j., Chinnadurai, G. (2007). Evidence for Involvement of BH3-Only Proapoptotic Members in Adenovirus-Induced Apoptosis. J. Virol. 81: 10486-10495 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Werneburg, N. W., Guicciardi, M. E., Bronk, S. F., Kaufmann, S. H., Gores, G. J. (2007). Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand Activates a Lysosomal Pathway of Apoptosis That Is Regulated by Bcl-2 Proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 28960-28970 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• George, N. M., Evans, J. J.D., Luo, X. (2007). A three-helix homo-oligomerization domain containing BH3 and BH1 is responsible for the apoptotic activity of Bax. Genes Dev. 21: 1937-1948 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Autret, A., Martin-Latil, S., Mousson, L., Wirotius, A., Petit, F., Arnoult, D., Colbere-Garapin, F., Estaquier, J., Blondel, B. (2007). Poliovirus Induces Bax-Dependent Cell Death Mediated by c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase. J. Virol. 81: 7504-7516 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Moubarak, R. S., Yuste, V. J., Artus, C., Bouharrour, A., Greer, P. A., Menissier-de Murcia, J., Susin, S. A. (2007). Sequential Activation of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1, Calpains, and Bax Is Essential in Apoptosis-Inducing Factor-Mediated Programmed Necrosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27: 4844-4862 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chang, M.-Y., Sun, W., Ochiai, W., Nakashima, K., Kim, S.-Y., Park, C.-H., Kang, J. S., Shim, J.-W., Jo, A-Y., Kang, C.-S., Lee, Y.-S., Kim, J.-S., Lee, S.-H. (2007). Bcl-XL/Bax Proteins Direct the Fate of Embryonic Cortical Precursor Cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27: 4293-4305 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stout, B. A., Melendez, K., Seagrave, J., Holtzman, M. J., Wilson, B., Xiang, J., Tesfaigzi, Y. (2007). STAT1 Activation Causes Translocation of Bax to the Endoplasmic Reticulum during the Resolution of Airway Mucous Cell Hyperplasia by IFN-{gamma}. J. Immunol. 178: 8107-8116 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Predescu, S. A., Predescu, D. N., Knezevic, I., Klein, I. K., Malik, A. B. (2007). Intersectin-1s Regulates the Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway in Endothelial Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 17166-17178 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shankar, S., Srivastava, R. K. (2007). Bax and Bak genes are essential for maximum apoptotic response by curcumin, a polyphenolic compound and cancer chemopreventive agent derived from turmeric, Curcuma longa. Carcinogenesis 28: 1277-1286 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Martin-Latil, S., Mousson, L., Autret, A., Colbere-Garapin, F., Blondel, B. (2007). Bax Is Activated during Rotavirus-Induced Apoptosis through the Mitochondrial Pathway. J. Virol. 81: 4457-4464 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mazumder, S., Plesca, D., Kinter, M., Almasan, A. (2007). Interaction of a Cyclin E Fragment with Ku70 Regulates Bax-Mediated Apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27: 3511-3520 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cheng, J., Cui, R., Chen, C.-H., Du, J. (2007). Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Stimulates p53-Dependent Activation of Proapoptotic Bax Leading to Apoptosis of Differentiated Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Endocrinology 148: 2085-2094 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aoudjehane, L., Podevin, P., Scatton, O., Jaffray, P., Dusanter-Fourt, I., Feldmann, G., Massault, P.-P., Grira, L., Bringuier, A., Dousset, B., Chouzenoux, S., Soubrane, O., Calmus, Y., Conti, F. (2007). Interleukin-4 induces human hepatocyte apoptosis through a Fas-independent pathway. FASEB J. 21: 1433-1444 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rivas-Carrillo, J. D., Soto-Gutierrez, A., Navarro-Alvarez, N., Noguchi, H., Okitsu, T., Chen, Y., Yuasa, T., Tanaka, K., Narushima, M., Miki, A., Misawa, H., Tabata, Y., Jun, H.-S., Matsumoto, S., Fox, I. J., Tanaka, N., Kobayashi, N. (2007). Cell-Permeable Pentapeptide V5 Inhibits Apoptosis and Enhances Insulin Secretion, Allowing Experimental Single-Donor Islet Transplantation in Mice. Diabetes 56: 1259-1267 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wang, X.-F., Birringer, M., Dong, L.-F., Veprek, P., Low, P., Swettenham, E., Stantic, M., Yuan, L.-H., Zobalova, R., Wu, K., Ledvina, M., Ralph, S. J., Neuzil, J. (2007). A Peptide Conjugate of Vitamin E Succinate Targets Breast Cancer Cells with High ErbB2 Expression. Cancer Res. 67: 3337-3344 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chan, J. Y. H., Chang, A. Y. W., Wang, L.-L., Ou, C.-C., Chan, S. H. H. (2007). Protein Kinase C-Dependent Mitochondrial Translocation of Proapoptotic Protein Bax on Activation of Inducible Nitric-Oxide Synthase in Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Mediates Cardiovascular Depression during Experimental Endotoxemia. Mol. Pharmacol. 71: 1129-1139 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Erkan, E., Devarajan, P., Schwartz, G. J. (2007). Mitochondria Are the Major Targets in Albumin-Induced Apoptosis in Proximal Tubule Cells. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18: 1199-1208 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Del Re, D. P., Miyamoto, S., Brown, J. H. (2007). RhoA/Rho Kinase Up-regulate Bax to Activate a Mitochondrial Death Pathway and Induce Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 8069-8078 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gomez-Lazaro, M., Galindo, M. F., Melero-Fernandez de Mera, R. M., Fernandez-Gomez, F. J., Concannon, C. G., Segura, M. F., Comella, J. X., Prehn, J. H. M., Jordan, J. (2007). Reactive Oxygen Species and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activate Bax to Induce Mitochondrial Cytochrome c Release and Apoptosis in Response to Malonate. Mol. Pharmacol. 71: 736-743 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brown, N. M., Martin, S. M., Maurice, N., Kuwana, T., Knudson, C. M. (2007). Caspase Inhibition Blocks Cell Death and Results in Cell Cycle Arrest in Cytokine-deprived Hematopoietic Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 2144-2155 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Phillips, D. C., Martin, S., Doyle, B. T., Houghton, J. A. (2007). Sphingosine-Induced Apoptosis in Rhabdomyosarcoma Cell Lines Is Dependent on Pre-Mitochondrial Bax Activation and Post-Mitochondrial Caspases. Cancer Res. 67: 756-764 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tao, W., South, V. J., Diehl, R. E., Davide, J. P., Sepp-Lorenzino, L., Fraley, M. E., Arrington, K. L., Lobell, R. B. (2007). An Inhibitor of the Kinesin Spindle Protein Activates the Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway Independently of p53 and De Novo Protein Synthesis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27: 689-698 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kroemer, G., Galluzzi, L., Brenner, C. (2007). Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization in Cell Death. Physiol. Rev. 87: 99-163 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Park, M.-T., Kang, Y.-H., Park, I.-C., Kim, C.-H., Lee, Y.-S., Chung, H. Y., Lee, S.-J. (2007). Combination treatment with arsenic trioxide and phytosphingosine enhances apoptotic cell death in arsenic trioxide-resistant cancer cells. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 6: 82-92 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Choi, S., Lew, K. L., Xiao, H., Herman-Antosiewicz, A., Xiao, D., Brown, C. K., Singh, S. V. (2007). D,L-Sulforaphane-induced cell death in human prostate cancer cells is regulated by inhibitor of apoptosis family proteins and Apaf-1. Carcinogenesis 28: 151-162 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Soberanes, S., Panduri, V., Mutlu, G. M., Ghio, A., Bundinger, G. R. S., Kamp, D. W. (2006). p53 Mediates Particulate Matter-induced Alveolar Epithelial Cell Mitochondria-regulated Apoptosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 174: 1229-1238 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hamacher-Brady, A., Brady, N. R., Gottlieb, R. A. (2006). Enhancing Macroautophagy Protects against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Cardiac Myocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 29776-29787 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chou, C.-H., Lee, R.-S., Yang-Yen, H.-F. (2006). An Internal EELD Domain Facilitates Mitochondrial Targeting of Mcl-1 via a Tom70-dependent Pathway. Mol. Biol. Cell 17: 3952-3963 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mantena, S. K., Baliga, M. S., Katiyar, S. K. (2006). Grape seed proanthocyanidins induce apoptosis and inhibit metastasis of highly metastatic breast carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 27: 1682-1691 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kim, B.-J., Ryu, S.-W., Song, B.-J. (2006). JNK- and p38 Kinase-mediated Phosphorylation of Bax Leads to Its Activation and Mitochondrial Translocation and to Apoptosis of Human Hepatoma HepG2 Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 21256-21265 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shrivastava, A., Tiwari, M., Sinha, R. A., Kumar, A., Balapure, A. K., Bajpai, V. K., Sharma, R., Mitra, K., Tandon, A., Godbole, M. M. (2006). Molecular Iodine Induces Caspase-independent Apoptosis in Human Breast Carcinoma Cells Involving the Mitochondria-mediated Pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 19762-19771 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Xin, M., Deng, X. (2006). Protein Phosphatase 2A Enhances the Proapoptotic Function of Bax through Dephosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 18859-18867 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bonanni, L., Chachar, M., Jover-Mengual, T., Li, H., Jones, A., Yokota, H., Ofengeim, D., Flannery, R. J., Miyawaki, T., Cho, C.-H., Polster, B. M., Pypaert, M., Hardwick, J. M., Sensi, S. L., Zukin, R. S., Jonas, E. A. (2006). Zinc-dependent multi-conductance channel activity in mitochondria isolated from ischemic brain.. J. Neurosci. 26: 6851-6862 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Naresh, A., Long, W., Vidal, G. A., Wimley, W. C., Marrero, L., Sartor, C. I., Tovey, S., Cooke, T. G., Bartlett, J. M.S., Jones, F. E. (2006). The ERBB4/HER4 Intracellular Domain 4ICD Is a BH3-Only Protein Promoting Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells.. Cancer Res. 66: 6412-6420 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tan, C., Dlugosz, P. J., Peng, J., Zhang, Z., Lapolla, S. M., Plafker, S. M., Andrews, D. W., Lin, J. (2006). Auto-activation of the Apoptosis Protein Bax Increases Mitochondrial Membrane Permeability and Is Inhibited by Bcl-2. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 14764-14775 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Servais, H., Jossin, Y., Van Bambeke, F., Tulkens, P. M., Mingeot-Leclercq, M.-P. (2006). Gentamicin Causes Apoptosis at Low Concentrations in Renal LLC-PK1 Cells Subjected to Electroporation.. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 1213-1221 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lin, Y., Kokontis, J., Tang, F., Godfrey, B., Liao, S., Lin, A., Chen, Y., Xiang, J. (2006). Androgen and its receptor promote bax-mediated apoptosis.. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26: 1908-1916 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vos, M. D., Dallol, A., Eckfeld, K., Allen, N. P. C., Donninger, H., Hesson, L. B., Calvisi, D., Latif, F., Clark, G. J. (2006). The RASSF1A Tumor Suppressor Activates Bax via MOAP-1. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 4557-4563 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tikhomirov, O., Carpenter, G. (2005). Bax activation and translocation to mitochondria mediate EGF-induced programmed cell death. J. Cell Sci. 118: 5681-5690 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pagliari, L. J., Kuwana, T., Bonzon, C., Newmeyer, D. D., Tu, S., Beere, H. M., Green, D. R. (2005). The multidomain proapoptotic molecules Bax and Bak are directly activated by heat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 17975-17980 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Stankiewicz, A. R., Lachapelle, G., Foo, C. P. Z., Radicioni, S. M., Mosser, D. D. (2005). Hsp70 Inhibits Heat-induced Apoptosis Upstream of Mitochondria by Preventing Bax Translocation. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 38729-38739 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wasilenko, S. T., Banadyga, L., Bond, D., Barry, M. (2005). The Vaccinia Virus F1L Protein Interacts with the Proapoptotic Protein Bak and Inhibits Bak Activation. J. Virol. 79: 14031-14043 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Takahashi, Y., Karbowski, M., Yamaguchi, H., Kazi, A., Wu, J., Sebti, S. M., Youle, R. J., Wang, H.-G. (2005). Loss of Bif-1 Suppresses Bax/Bak Conformational Change and Mitochondrial Apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25: 9369-9382 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chen, H., Chan, D. C. (2005). Emerging functions of mammalian mitochondrial fusion and fission. Hum Mol Genet 14: R283-R289 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tan, K. O., Fu, N. Y., Sukumaran, S. K., Chan, S.-L., Kang, J. H., Poon, K. L., Chen, B. S., Yu, V. C. (2005). MAP-1 is a mitochondrial effector of Bax. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 14623-14628 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tan, J., Zhuang, L., Leong, H.-S., Iyer, N. G., Liu, E. T., Yu, Q. (2005). Pharmacologic Modulation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3{beta} Promotes p53-Dependent Apoptosis through a Direct Bax-Mediated Mitochondrial Pathway in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancer Res. 65: 9012-9020 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Redlak, M. J., Power, J. J., Miller, T. A. (2005). Role of mitochondria in aspirin-induced apoptosis in human gastric epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 289: G731-G738 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sacher, J., Weigl, L., Werner, M., Szegedi, C., Hohenegger, M. (2005). Delineation of Myotoxicity Induced by 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA Reductase Inhibitors in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 314: 1032-1041 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Legembre, P., Daburon, S., Moreau, P., Ichas, F., de Giorgi, F., Moreau, J.-F., Taupin, J.-L. (2005). Amplification of Fas-Mediated Apoptosis in Type II Cells via Microdomain Recruitment. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25: 6811-6820 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bunin, A., Khwaja, F. W., Kersh, G. J. (2005). Regulation of Bim by TCR Signals in CD4/CD8 Double-Positive Thymocytes. J. Immunol. 175: 1532-1539 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kim, J.-H., Liu, L., Lee, S.-O., Kim, Y.-T., You, K.-R., Kim, D.-G. (2005). Susceptibility of Cholangiocarcinoma Cells to Parthenolide-Induced Apoptosis. Cancer Res. 65: 6312-6320 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hou, Q., Hsu, Y.-T. (2005). Bax translocates from cytosol to mitochondria in cardiac cells during apoptosis: development of a GFP-Bax-stable H9c2 cell line for apoptosis analysis. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 289: H477-H487 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Willis, S. N., Chen, L., Dewson, G., Wei, A., Naik, E., Fletcher, J. I., Adams, J. M., Huang, D. C.S. (2005). Proapoptotic Bak is sequestered by Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL, but not Bcl-2, until displaced by BH3-only proteins. Genes Dev. 19: 1294-1305 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Liu, L., Vo, A., Liu, G., McKeehan, W. L. (2005). Distinct Structural Domains within C19ORF5 Support Association with Stabilized Microtubules and Mitochondrial Aggregation and Genome Destruction. Cancer Res. 65: 4191-4201 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Siu, P. M., Alway, S. E. (2005). Mitochondria-associated apoptotic signalling in denervated rat skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. 565: 309-323 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kornbluth, S., White, K. (2005). Apoptosis in Drosophila: neither fish nor fowl (nor man, nor worm). J. Cell Sci. 118: 1779-1787 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Qanungo, S., Das, M., Haldar, S., Basu, A. (2005). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspase-dependent apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 26: 958-967 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Langenau, D. M., Jette, C., Berghmans, S., Palomero, T., Kanki, J. P., Kutok, J. L., Look, A. T. (2005). Suppression of apoptosis by bcl-2 overexpression in lymphoid cells of transgenic zebrafish. Blood 105: 3278-3285 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fennell, D. A. (2005). Caspase Regulation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and its Potential for Therapeutic Exploitation. Clin. Cancer Res. 11: 2097-2105 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Uo, T., Kinoshita, Y., Morrison, R. S. (2005). Neurons Exclusively Express N-Bak, a BH3 Domain-only Bak Isoform That Promotes Neuronal Apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 9065-9073 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dong, F., Pirbhai, M., Xiao, Y., Zhong, Y., Wu, Y., Zhong, G. (2005). Degradation of the Proapoptotic Proteins Bik, Puma, and Bim with Bcl-2 Domain 3 Homology in Chlamydia trachomatis-Infected Cells. Infect. Immun. 73: 1861-1864 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Choi, S., Singh, S. V. (2005). Bax and Bak Are Required for Apoptosis Induction by Sulforaphane, a Cruciferous Vegetable-Derived Cancer Chemopreventive Agent. Cancer Res. 65: 2035-2043 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gu, Q., Wang, J. D., Xia, H. H.X., Lin, M. C.M., He, H., Zou, B., Tu, S. P., Yang, Y., Liu, X. G., Lam, S. K., Wong, W. M., Chan, A. O.O., Yuen, M. F., Kung, H. F., Wong, B. C.-Y. (2005). Activation of the caspase-8/Bid and Bax pathways in aspirin-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer. Carcinogenesis 26: 541-546 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Baliga, M. S., Meleth, S., Katiyar, S. K. (2005). Growth Inhibitory and Antimetastatic Effect of Green Tea Polyphenols on Metastasis-Specific Mouse Mammary Carcinoma 4T1 Cells In vitro and In vivo Systems. Clin. Cancer Res. 11: 1918-1927 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Park, M.-T., Kim, M.-J., Kang, Y.-H., Choi, S.-Y., Lee, J.-H., Choi, J.-A, Kang, C.-M., Cho, C.-K., Kang, S., Bae, S., Lee, Y.-S., Chung, H. Y., Lee, S.-J. (2005). Phytosphingosine in combination with ionizing radiation enhances apoptotic cell death in radiation-resistant cancer cells through ROS-dependent and -independent AIF release. Blood 105: 1724-1733 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Emerson, D. K., McCormick, M. L., Schmidt, J. A., Knudson, C. M. (2005). Taurine Monochloramine Activates a Cell Death Pathway Involving Bax and Caspase-9. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 3233-3241 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nagata, E., Luo, H. R., Saiardi, A., Bae, B.-I., Suzuki, N., Snyder, S. H. (2005). Inositol Hexakisphosphate Kinase-2, a Physiologic Mediator of Cell Death. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 1634-1640 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Saeed, S., Keehn, C. A., Khalil, F. K, Morgan, M. B. (2005). Immunohistochemical Expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in Penile Carcinoma. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science 35: 91-96 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Oursler, M. J., Bradley, E. W., Elfering, S. L., Giulivi, C. (2005). Native, not nitrated, cytochrome c and mitochondria-derived hydrogen peroxide drive osteoclast apoptosis. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 288: C156-C168 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tourian, L. Jr, Zhao, H., Srikant, C. B. (2004). p38{alpha}, but not p38{beta}, inhibits the phosphorylation and presence of c-FLIPS in DISC to potentiate Fas-mediated caspase-8 activation and type I apoptotic signaling. J. Cell Sci. 117: 6459-6471 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arokium, H., Camougrand, N., Vallette, F. M., Manon, S. (2004). Studies of the Interaction of Substituted Mutants of BAX with Yeast Mitochondria Reveal That the C-terminal Hydrophobic {alpha}-Helix Is a Second ART Sequence and Plays a Role in the Interaction with Anti-apoptotic BCL-xL. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 52566-52573 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pei, X.-Y., Dai, Y., Grant, S. (2004). The small-molecule Bcl-2 inhibitor HA14-1 interacts synergistically with flavopiridol to induce mitochondrial injury and apoptosis in human myeloma cells through a free radical-dependent and Jun NH2-terminal kinase-dependent mechanism. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 3: 1513-1524 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Morishima, N., Nakanishi, K., Tsuchiya, K., Shibata, T., Seiwa, E. (2004). Translocation of Bim to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Mediates ER Stress Signaling for Activation of Caspase-12 during ER Stress-induced Apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 50375-50381 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Home | Help | Feedback | Subscriptions | Archive | Search | Table of Contents