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© The Rockefeller University Press, 0021-9525/1998//525 $5.00
The Journal of Cell Biology, Volume 140, Number 3, , 1998 525-540

Article

A Pore-forming Toxin Interacts with a GPI-anchored Protein and Causes Vacuolation of the Endoplasmic Reticulum



Laurence Abrami*, Marc Fivaz*, Pierre-Etienne Glauser*, Robert G. Parton{ddagger}, and F. van der Goot*

* Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; {ddagger} Center for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Brisbane, Australia

In this paper, we have investigated the effects of the pore-forming toxin aerolysin, produced by Aeromonas hydrophila, on mammalian cells. Our data indicate that the protoxin binds to an 80-kD glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein on BHK cells, and that the bound toxin is associated with specialized plasma membrane domains, described as detergent-insoluble microdomains, or cholesterol-glycolipid "rafts." We show that the protoxin is then processed to its mature form by host cell proteases. We propose that the preferential association of the toxin with rafts, through binding to GPI-anchored proteins, is likely to increase the local toxin concentration and thereby promote oligomerization, a step that it is a prerequisite for channel formation. We show that channel formation does not lead to disruption of the plasma membrane but to the selective permeabilization to small ions such as potassium, which causes plasma membrane depolarization. Next we studied the consequences of channel formation on the organization and dynamics of intracellular membranes. Strikingly, we found that the toxin causes dramatic vacuolation of the ER, but does not affect other intracellular compartments. Concomitantly we find that the COPI coat is released from biosynthetic membranes and that biosynthetic transport of newly synthesized transmembrane G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus is inhibited. Our data indicate that binding of proaerolysin to GPI-anchored proteins and processing of the toxin lead to oligomerization and channel formation in the plasma membrane, which in turn causes selective disorganization of early biosynthetic membrane dynamics.

Abbreviations used in this paper: BFA, brefeldin A; GPI, glycosyl phosphatidylinositol; IM, incubation medium; PLAP, placental alkaline phosphatase; PI-PLC, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C; PNS, postnuclear supernatant; ts045-G, VSV-G of VSV strain ts045; SLO, streptolysin O; VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus; VSV-G, G protein of VSV.

We are very grateful to J. Gruenberg, J.T. Buckley, T. Kobayashi, F. Perez, C. Lesieur, and M. Rojo for their helpful suggestions and critical reading of the manuscript. M-H. Beuchat is greatly acknowledged for her help in tissue culture. We are thankful to J.T. Buckley for providing us with the proaerolysin-producing strain, the purified proaerolysin mutant, and the anti-proaerolysin mAbs. We are also thankful to T. Kreis for giving us access to the fluorescence microscope and generous supply of antibodies. We thank H.D. Söling, A. Helenius, B. Hoflack, I. Trowbridge, and B. Burke for antibodies. We thank M. Krieger for providing us with the ldlF cell line; D. Brown for giving us PLAP DNA construct; and M. Kehoe for giving us purified SLO. We are very grateful to Thomas Harder for suggesting critical experiments and providing reagents.

L. Abrami was supported by the Roche Research Foundation and the Ciba-Geigy Jubileum Foundation. This work was supported by a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation to G. van der Goot and a grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia to R.G. Parton.

Address all correspondence to Gisou van der Goot, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. Tel./Fax: (41) 022-702-6414. E-mail: Gisou.vandergoot{at}biochem.unige.ch


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