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© The Rockefeller University Press, 0021-9525/1998//1357 $5.00
The Journal of Cell Biology, Volume 140, Number 6, , 1998 1357-1367

Article

Cholesterol Is Required for Surface Transport of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin



Patrick Keller and Kai Simons

European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology Programme, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany

Transport from the TGN to the basolateral surface involves a rab/N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive fusion protein (NSF)/soluble NSF attachment protein (SNAP)/SNAP receptor (SNARE) mechanism. Apical transport instead is thought to be mediated by detergent-insoluble sphingolipid–cholesterol rafts. By reducing the cholesterol level of living cells by 60–70% with lovastatin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin, we show that the TGN-to-surface transport of the apical marker protein influenza virus hemagglutinin was slowed down, whereas the transport of the basolateral marker vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein as well as the ER-to-Golgi transport of both membrane proteins was not affected. Reduction of transport of hemagglutinin was accompanied by increased solubility in the detergent Triton X-100 and by significant missorting of hemagglutinin to the basolateral membrane. In addition, depletion of cellular cholesterol by lovastatin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin led to missorting of the apical secretory glycoprotein gp-80, suggesting that gp-80 uses a raft-dependent mechanism for apical sorting. Our data provide for the first time direct evidence for the functional significance of cholesterol in the sorting of apical membrane proteins as well as of apically secreted glycoproteins.

Abbreviations used in this paper: GPI, glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol; HA, hemagglutinin; PLAP, placental alkaline phosphatase; VSV G, vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein.

Please address all correspondence to K. Simons, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology Programme, Postfach 10.2209, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany. Tel.: +49 6221 387 334. Fax.: +49 6221 387 512. E-mail: Simons{at}embl-heidelberg.de


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