J. Cell Biol., Volume 141, Number 2, April 20, 1998 397-408

Occludin-deficient Embryonic Stem Cells Can Differentiate into Polarized Epithelial Cells Bearing Tight Junctions

Mitinori Saitou,^* Kazushi Fujimoto, Yoshinori Doi,^*§ Masahiko Itoh,^* Toyoshi Fujimoto, Mikio Furuse,^* Hiroshi Takano,^¶** Tetsuo Noda,^¶** and Shoichiro Tsukita^*

^* Department of Cell Biology,  Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan; ^§ Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan;  Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371, Japan; ^¶ Department of Cell Biology, Cancer Institute, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170, Japan; and ^** Department of Molecular Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980, Japan

Occludin is the only known integral membrane protein of tight junctions (TJs), and is now believed to be directly involved in the barrier and fence functions of TJs. Occludin-deficient embryonic stem (ES) cells were generated by targeted disruption of both alleles of the occludin gene. When these cells were subjected to suspension culture, they aggregated to form simple, and then cystic embryoid bodies (EBs) with the same time course as EB formation from wild-type ES cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy and ultrathin section electron microscopy revealed that polarized epithelial (visceral endoderm-like) cells were differentiated to delineate EBs not only from wild-type but also from occludin-deficient ES cells. Freeze fracture analyses indicated no significant differences in number or morphology of TJ strands between wild-type and occludin-deficient epithelial cells. Furthermore, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, a TJ-associated peripheral membrane protein, was still exclusively concentrated at TJ in occludin-deficient epithelial cells. In good agreement with these morphological observations, TJ in occludin-deficient epithelial cells functioned as a primary barrier to the diffusion of a low molecular mass tracer through the paracellular pathway. These findings indicate that there are as yet unidentified TJ integral membrane protein(s) which can form strand structures, recruit ZO-1, and function as a barrier without occludin.

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• Itoh, M., Morita, K., Tsukita, S. (1999). Characterization of ZO-2 as a MAGUK Family Member Associated with Tight as well as Adherens Junctions with a Binding Affinity to Occludin and alpha  Catenin. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 5981-5986 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Goodenough, D. A. (1999). Plugging the leaks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 319-321 [Full Text]  
• Morita, K., Furuse, M., Fujimoto, K., Tsukita, S. (1999). Claudin multigene family encoding four-transmembrane domain protein components of tight junction strands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 511-516 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wachtel, M, Frei, K, Ehler, E, Fontana, A, Winterhalter, K, Gloor, S. (1999). Occludin proteolysis and increased permeability in endothelial cells through tyrosine phosphatase inhibition. J. Cell Sci. 112: 4347-4356 [Abstract]  
• Miki, K (1999). Volume of liquid below the epithelium of an F9 cell as a signal for differentiation into visceral endoderm. J. Cell Sci. 112: 3071-3080 [Abstract]  
• Bamforth, S., Kniesel, U, Wolburg, H, Engelhardt, B, Risau, W (1999). A dominant mutant of occludin disrupts tight junction structure and function. J. Cell Sci. 112: 1879-1888 [Abstract]  
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