Regulated Actin Cytoskeleton Assembly at Filopodium Tips Controls Their Extension and Retraction

doi:10.1083/jcb.146.5.1097

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© The Rockefeller University Press, 0021-9525/1999/9/1097/ $5.00
The Journal of Cell Biology, Volume 146, Number 5, September 6, 1999 1097-1106

Regulated Actin Cytoskeleton Assembly at Filopodium Tips Controls Their Extension and Retraction

Aneil Mallavarapu^b and Tim Mitchison^a
^a Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
^b Millenium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02115

Correspondence to: Tim Mitchison, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115. Tel:(617) 432-3805 Fax:(617) 432-3702 E-mail:timothy_mitchison{at}hms.harvard.edu.

The extension and retraction of filopodia in response to extracellularcues is thought to be an important initial step that determinesthe direction of growth cone advance. We sought to understandhow the dynamic behavior of the actin cytoskeleton is regulatedto produce extension or retraction. By observing the movementof fiduciary marks on actin filaments in growth cones of a neuroblastomacell line, we found that filopodium extension and retractionare governed by a balance between the rate of actin cytoskeletonassembly at the tip and retrograde flow. Both assembly and flowrate can vary with time in a single filopodium and between filopodiain a single growth cone. Regulation of assembly rate is thedominant factor in controlling filopodia behavior in our system.

Key Words: actin, growth cone, filopodia, photobleaching, photoactivation

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