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¹ Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
² Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Membrane Protein Research Group, and the Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7

Address correspondence to S. Papp, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8. Tel.: (416) 978-8947. E-mail: sylvia.papp{at}utoronto.ca

The endoplasmic reticulum is a heterogeneous compartment with respect to the distribution of its Ca²⁺-handling proteins, namely the Ca²⁺-binding proteins, the Ca²⁺ pumps and the Ca²⁺ release channels. The nonuniform distribution of these proteins may explain the functional heterogeneity of the endoplasmic reticulum, such as the generation of spatially complex Ca²⁺ signals, Ca²⁺ homeostasis, and protein folding and quality control.

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