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© The Rockefeller University Press,
0021-9525/2003/10/245 $8.00
The Journal of Cell Biology, Volume 163, Number 2, 245-255
Article |
DNA damage-induced replication arrest in Xenopus egg extracts
Address correspondence to W. Matthew Michael, The Biological Laboratories, Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138. Tel.: (617) 496-2940. Fax: (617) 384-7431. email: matt{at}mcb.harvard.edu
Chromosomal replication is sensitive to the presence of DNA-damaging alkylating agents, such as methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). MMS is known to inhibit replication though activation of the DNA damage checkpoint and through checkpoint-independent slowing of replication fork progression. Using Xenopus egg extracts, we now report an additional pathway that is stimulated by MMS-induced damage. We show that, upon incubation in egg extracts, MMS-treated DNA activates a diffusible inhibitor that blocks, in trans, chromosomal replication. The downstream effect of the inhibitor is a failure to recruit proliferating cell nuclear antigen, but not DNA polymerase
, to the nascent replication fork. Thus, alkylation damage activates an inhibitor that intercepts the replication pathway at a point between the polymerase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen execution steps. We also show that activation of the inhibitor does not require the DNA damage checkpoint; rather, stimulation of the pathway described here results in checkpoint activation. These data describe a novel replication arrest pathway, and they also provide an example of how subpathways within the DNA damage response network are integrated to promote efficient cell cycle arrest in response to damaged DNA.
Key Words: cell cycle; checkpoint; DNA damage; DNA replication; inhibitor
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