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Published online 9 January 2006. doi:10.1083/jcb.200507067
The Rockefeller University Press, 0021-9525 $8.00
JCB, Volume 172, Number 2, 309-320
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Article

 Receptor palmitoylation and ubiquitination regulate anthrax toxin endocytosis

Laurence Abrami1, Stephen H. Leppla2, and F. Gisou van der Goot1

1 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
2 Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892

Correspondence to Gisou van der Goot: gisou.vandergoot{at}medecine.unige.ch

The anthrax toxin is composed of three independent polypeptide chains. Successful intoxication only occurs when heptamerization of the receptor-binding polypeptide, the protective antigen (PA), allows binding of the two enzymatic subunits before endocytosis. We show that this tailored behavior is caused by two counteracting posttranslational modifications in the cytoplasmic tail of PA receptors. The receptor is palmitoylated, and this unexpectedly prevents its association with lipid rafts and, thus, its premature ubiquitination. This second modification, which is mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl, only occurs in rafts and is required for rapid endocytosis of the receptor. As a consequence, cells expressing palmitoylation-defective mutant receptors are less sensitive to anthrax toxin because of a lower number of surface receptors as well as premature internalization of PA without a requirement for heptamerization.

Abbreviations used in this paper: ßMCD, ß-methylcyclodextrin; CMG2, capillary morphogenesis gene 2; DRM, detergent-resistant membrane; EF, edema factor; Endo H, endoglycosidase H; LF, lethal factor; PA, protective antigen; TEM8, tumor endothelial marker 8; Ub, ubiquitin; WT, wild type.


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