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Changes in chromatin structure and mobility in living cells at sites of DNA double-strand breaks

¹ Experimental Immunology Branch and ² Laboratory for Receptor Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
³ Programme in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada

Correspondence to Michael J. Kruhlak: kruhlakm{at}mail.nih.gov; or André Nussenzweig: andre_nussenzweig{at}nih.gov

The repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is facilitated by the phosphorylation of H2AX, which organizes DNA damage signaling and chromatin remodeling complexes in the vicinity of the lesion (Pilch, D.R., O.A. Sedelnikova, C. Redon, A. Celeste, A. Nussenzweig, and W.M. Bonner. 2003. Biochem. Cell Biol. 81:123–129; Morrison, A.J., and X. Shen. 2005. Cell Cycle. 4:568–571; van Attikum, H., and S.M. Gasser. 2005. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:757–765). The disruption of DNA integrity induces an alteration of chromatin architecture that has been proposed to activate the DNA damage transducing kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM; Bakkenist, C.J., and M.B. Kastan. 2003. Nature. 421:499–506). However, little is known about the physical properties of damaged chromatin. In this study, we use a photoactivatable version of GFP-tagged histone H2B to examine the mobility and structure of chromatin containing DSBs in living cells. We find that chromatin containing DSBs exhibits limited mobility but undergoes an energy-dependent local expansion immediately after DNA damage. The localized expansion observed in real time corresponds to a 30–40% reduction in the density of chromatin fibers in the vicinity of DSBs, as measured by energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy. The observed opening of chromatin occurs independently of H2AX and ATM. We propose that localized adenosine triphosphate–dependent decondensation of chromatin at DSBs establishes an accessible subnuclear environment that facilitates DNA damage signaling and repair.

Abbreviations used in this paper: ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated; DSB, double-strand break; EFTEM, energy-filtering transmission EM; ESI, electron spectroscopic imaging; GR, gluccocorticoid receptor; IRIF, irradiation-induced foci; MEF, mouse embryo fibroblast; MMTV, mouse mammary tumor virus; PAGFP, photoactivatable GFP; WT, wild type.

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