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Axonal transport of mitochondria requires milton to recruit kinesin heavy chain and is light chain independent

¹ Neurobiology Program, ² Department of Neurology, and ³ Department of Neurobiology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
⁴ Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720

Correspondence to Thomas L. Schwarz: Thomas.Schwarz{at}childrens.harvard.edu

Mitochondria are distributed within cells to match local energy demands. We report that the microtubule-dependent transport of mitochondria depends on the ability of milton to act as an adaptor protein that can recruit the heavy chain of conventional kinesin-1 (kinesin heavy chain [KHC]) to mitochondria. Biochemical and genetic evidence demonstrate that kinesin recruitment and mitochondrial transport are independent of kinesin light chain (KLC); KLC antagonizes milton's association with KHC and is absent from milton–KHC complexes, and mitochondria are present in klc ^–/– photoreceptor axons. The recruitment of KHC to mitochondria is, in part, determined by the NH₂ terminus–splicing variant of milton. A direct interaction occurs between milton and miro, which is a mitochondrial Rho-like GTPase, and this interaction can influence the recruitment of milton to mitochondria. Thus, milton and miro are likely to form an essential protein complex that links KHC to mitochondria for light chain–independent, anterograde transport of mitochondria.

Abbreviations used in this paper: GRIF, -aminobutyric acid A receptor–interacting factor; HEK, human embryonic kidney; KHC, kinesin heavy chain; KLC, kinesin light chain; OGT, O-GlcNAc transferase; OIP, O-linked N-acetylglucosamine–interacting protein.

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