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Published online 11 December 2006. doi:10.1083/jcb.200604005
The Rockefeller University Press, 0021-9525 $8.00
JCB, Volume 175, Number 6, 869-880
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Article

Loss of linker histone H1 in cellular senescence



Ryo Funayama1,2, Motoki Saito1, Hiroko Tanobe1, and Fuyuki Ishikawa1

1 Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Department of Gene Mechanisms, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
2 Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan

Correspondence to Fuyuki Ishikawa: fishikaw{at}lif.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Cellular senescence is a tumor-suppressing mechanism that is accompanied by characteristic chromatin condensation called senescence-associated heterochromatic foci (SAHFs). We found that individual SAHFs originate from individual chromosomes. SAHFs do not show alterations of posttranslational modifications of core histones that mark condensed chromatin in mitotic chromosomes, apoptotic chromatin, or transcriptionally inactive heterochromatin. Remarkably, SAHF-positive senescent cells lose linker histone H1 and exhibit increased levels of chromatin-bound high mobility group A2 (HMGA2). The expression of N-terminally enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)–tagged histone H1 induces premature senescence phenotypes, including increased levels of phosphorylated p53, p21, and hypophosphorylated Rb, and a decrease in the chromatin-bound endogenous histone H1 level but not in p16 level accumulation or SAHF formation. However, the simultaneous ectopic expression of hemagglutinin-tagged HMGA2 and N-terminally EGFP-tagged histone H1 leads to significant SAHF formation (P < 0.001). It is known that histone H1 and HMG proteins compete for a common binding site, the linker DNA. These results suggest that SAHFs are a novel type of chromatin condensation involving alterations in linker DNA–binding proteins.

Abbreviations used in this paper: AE, acid extracted; CENP-B, centromere protein B; HMG, high mobility group; ICD, interchromosome domain; IF, immunofluorescence; SA–ß-gal, senescence-associated ß-galactosidase; SAHF, senescence-associated heterochromatic focus; TB, Triton buffer; WCE, whole cell extract.


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