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© The Rockefeller University Press, 0021-9525/2000//1009 $5.00
The Journal of Cell Biology, Volume 148, Number 5, , 2000 1009-1020

Original Article

Schwann Cell Myelination Requires Timely and Precise Targeting of P0 Protein



X. Yina, G.J. Kidda, L. Wrabetzb, M.L. Feltrib, A. Messingc, and B.D. Trappa

a Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
b Department of Neurology and Department of Biological and Technological Research (DIBIT), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
c Waisman Center and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
Department of Neurosciences, NC30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195.(216) 444 7927(216) 444 7177

trappb{at}ccf.org

This report investigated mechanisms responsible for failed Schwann cell myelination in mice that overexpress P0 (P0tg), the major structural protein of PNS myelin. Quantitative ultrastructural immunocytochemistry established that P0 protein was mistargeted to abaxonal, periaxonal, and mesaxon membranes in P0tg Schwann cells with arrested myelination. The extracellular leaflets of P0-containing mesaxon membranes were closely apposed with periodicities of compact myelin. The myelin-associated glycoprotein was appropriately sorted in the Golgi apparatus and targeted to periaxonal membranes. In adult mice, occasional Schwann cells myelinated axons possibly with the aid of endocytic removal of mistargeted P0. These results indicate that P0 gene multiplication causes P0 mistargeting to mesaxon membranes, and through obligate P0 homophilic adhesion, renders these dynamic membranes inert and halts myelination.

Key Words: PNS myelination • homophilic adhesion • dysmyelination • cell polarity • myelin protein gene dosage

© 2000 The Rockefeller University Press


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Myelinating Schwann cells polarize their surface membranes into functionally and molecularly distinct membrane domains (Trapp et al. 1995). Initially, there are two principle domains. The abaxonal plasma membrane is exposed to and interacts with the external environment or endoneurial fluid. The adaxonal or periaxonal membrane is in direct contact with the axon. Myelination is initiated by the spiral wrapping of the Schwann cell mesaxon membranes around the axon. Mesaxon membranes connect the periaxonal and abaxonal membranes and are ultrastructurally characterized by a 12–14-nm gap between their extracellular leaflets and Schwann cell cytoplasm separating their cytoplasmic leaflets (Trapp and Quarles 1982). Once the mesaxon spirals upon itself two to six times, the periodicity of most mesaxonal membrane converts to compact myelin; extracellular leaflets are separated by a 2.5-nm gap and the cytoplasmic leaflets appear fused (Peters et al. 1991).

Concomitant with the changes in periodicity of mesaxon membranes to compact myelin are molecular changes in the membranes. Periaxonal and mesaxon membranes are enriched in the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), a type I transmembrane glycoprotein with five immunoglobulin-like domains and a molecular weight of ~100 kD. MAG is not detected in compact myelin or the abaxonal membranes of myelinating Schwann cells (Trapp and Quarles 1982). P0 protein, the major structural protein of compact PNS myelin (Trapp et al. 1981) is another type I glycoprotein with a single immunoglobulin-like domain and molecular weight of 30 kD. While precise mechanisms by which mesaxon membranes convert to compact myelin are unknown, membrane insertion of P0 and its subsequent homophilic binding in both trans and cis orientations may exclude MAG and result in compact myelin formation (Heath et al. 1991; Shapiro et al. 1996). MAG and P0 are sorted into separate carrier vesicles as they exit the trans-Golgi network (Trapp et al. 1995). These vesicles are transported along the myelin internode in a microtubule (MT)-dependent manner, and then inserted directly into the appropriate membrane domain. This site-specific targeting of P0 and MAG plays an important role in establishing the polarity and expansion of Schwann cell membranes (Heath et al. 1991; Trapp et al. 1995).

Myelinating Schwann cells can synthesize several square millimeters of surface membranes. This requires high-level transcription of myelin protein genes and precisely regulated doses of translated proteins. Natural and induced myelin protein gene duplications cause dysmyelination and often more severe phenotypes than null mutations in the same gene, indicating the functional importance of appropriate myelin protein gene dosage during myelination. Proteolipid protein (PLP), an integral membrane protein with five membrane-spanning domains, is the major structural protein of CNS myelin (Lees and Brostoff 1984). Duplications in PLP cause Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (Hodes and Dlouhy 1996), an often fatal dysmyelinating condition of humans. PLP overexpression in transgenic mice also causes dysmyelination (Kagawa et al. 1994; Readhead et al. 1994). Peripheral myelin protein of 22 kD (PMP22) has four membrane-spanning domains and is enriched in PNS myelin (Snipes et al. 1992). Reciprocal unequal crossovers of a 1.5 megabase region of chromosome 17p11.2 causes allelic duplication or deletion of the PMP22 gene (Chance et al. 1994). Allelic duplication of 17p11.2 causes Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease type 1A (CMT1A), a human peripheral neuropathy characterized by hypomyelination, demyelination/remyelination, onion bulb formation, and axonal atrophy (Lupski et al. 1991; Matsunami et al. 1992). Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNPP) is associated with allelic deletion of 17p11.2 (Chance et al. 1993). Alteration in PMP22 gene dosage in rodents also causes peripheral neuropathies (Magyar et al. 1996; Sereda et al. 1996) and supports altered PMP22 gene dosage as the causative factor in CMTIA and HNPP.

P0 gene duplication has not been associated with human peripheral neuropathies. P0 missense mutations, however, cause a variety of clinically defined human peripheral neuropathies including CMTIB, Dejerine-Sottas syndrome, and congenital hypomyelination (Warner et al. 1996). P0 null mutations in mice also cause dysmyelination (Giese et al. 1992). To investigate the potential consequence of increased P0 gene dosage, several lines of transgenic mice with extra copies of the mouse P0 gene were generated as described in Wrabetz et al. 2000(this issue). In this report, we have investigated the ultrastructural changes and mechanisms of dysmyelination in the line with highest P0 mRNA overexpression. Our studies indicate that P0 accumulates in inappropriate domains of the plasma membrane, blocking spiral mesaxon growth and preventing myelin formation.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Generation of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing P0 Protein Gene
The mP0TOT vector consists of the whole mouse P0 gene, including 6 kb of the promoter, all the exons and introns, and the natural polyadenylation signal. This vector directs appropriate cell-specific and developmentally regulated expression of a lacZ reporter gene (Feltri et al. 1999). Generation of transgenic mice carrying the mP0TOT is described in detail in Wrabetz et al. 2000(this issue). In brief, eight founders were produced that expressed the transgene in peripheral nerve, all displaying varying levels of expression and evidence of peripheral neuropathy including weakness, tremors, and paralysis. Lines were established from three of these founders. This report focuses on the line with the highest level of expression and the most severe neuropathy, TgN22Mes (also referred to as line Tg80.2 in Wrabetz et al. 2000, this issue). For simplicity, throughout the rest of this report the TgN22Mes mice are referred to as P0tg.

Light and Electron Microscopic Analysis
Mice overexpressing P0 protein genes and littermate controls were examined at 2, 5, 14, 42, and 90 d of age. They were anesthetized with Metofane and perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde, 2.5% glutaraldehyde, and 0.08 M Sorenson's buffer. Sciatic nerves and lumbar ventral roots were removed, postfixed in osmium tetroxide, and embedded in Epon. For light microscopy, 1-µm thick sections of sciatic nerve were stained with toluidine blue and photographed with a Zeiss Axiophot microscope. For serial section analysis, series of 1-µm thick sections of lumbar ventral roots were mounted in order on slides and stained with toluidine blue. Areas of interest were digitally photographed using a Leica DMLB microscope fitted with an Optronics video camera and image acquisition system. Images were placed in order and aligned on separate layers in Adobe Photoshop 5 software. Profiles of interest were marked and followed by stepping through the layers.

For confocal microscopy, paraformaldehyde-fixed sciatic nerves from 25-d-old mice were teased and immunostained as described (Kidd et al. 1996). The teased fibers were imaged using a Leica TCS-NT confocal microscope.

For EM, thin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined in a Philips CM100 electron microscope.

Electron Microscopic Immunocytochemistry
P0tg and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice at 5, 14, 42, and 90 d postnatal (three mice per time point) were anesthetized with Metofane and perfused with 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 4% paraformaldehyde, and 0.08 M Sorenson's buffer. The sciatic nerves and L4 ventral roots were removed, infiltrated with 2.3 M sucrose and 30% polyvinylpyrrolidone, placed on specimen stubs, and were then frozen in liquid nitrogen. Ultrathin cryosections (~120-nm thick) were cut on glass knives in a Reichart Ultracut S ultracryomicrotome (Leica Instruments) maintained at –110°C. The sections were placed on carbon- and Formvar-coated grids and immunostained by previously described immunogold procedures (Trapp et al. 1995).

Antibodies
Antibodies used in these studies are well characterized and include: polyclonals directed against P0 protein (Trapp et al. 1979, Trapp et al. 1981), and monoclonals directed against MAG (Doberson et al. 1985; Trapp et al. 1989, Trapp et al. 1995), neurofilaments (SMI 31 & 32; Sternberger Monoclonals Inc.), and acetylated {alpha}-tubulin (Sigma Chemical Co.). For quantitative immunogold labeling experiments, sections from WT and P0tg mice were stained in parallel.

Quantitative Analysis of Immunogold Labeling
Ultrathin cryosections were examined and photographed in a Philips CM-100 electron microscope. Digital images were captured from negatives. Gold particles over structures of interest were counted on screen, and areas and distances measured in NIH Image or Photoshop 5 software. Statistical analysis was performed by t test. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. For P0 labeling of Schwann cell surface membranes, an average of 24 fibers was quantified at each age in both control and P0tg mice. These fibers were obtained from two control nerves and three P0tg nerves at each age. This analysis included 76 µm of periaxonal membrane (only 2 d analyzed) and 340 µm of abaxonal membrane in control, and 340 µm of periaxonal membrane and 476 µm of abaxonal membrane in P0tg cells. An average of 17 endosomes was analyzed at each age in P0tg mice. In control, 20 and 5 endosomes were analyzed at 5 and 14 d, respectively. Endosomes were not analyzed at 42 and 90 d in control nerves. 36 (control) and 27 (P0tg) Golgi apparatus were analyzed at 5 d, and 18 (control) and 35 (P0tg) Golgi apparatus at 42 d. The density of P0 staining over compact myelin was determined in 25 fibers from 42 d control and P0tg nerves. These fibers were obtained from three control and three P0tg nerves.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Several lines of transgenic mice were generated which carried additional copies of the mouse P0 gene, under control of the native P0 promoter region. Molecular and morphological features and neurological phenotypes of these mice are described in Wrabetz et al. 2000(this issue). Histologically, the most prominent feature of P0-overexpressing mice was hypomyelination of peripheral nerves; CNS tissues, which express little or no P0, appeared unaffected. The degree of neurological impairment correlated with transgene expression and dysmyelination was observed in several lines, indicating that the phenotype was due to overexpression of the P0 gene and not insertional mutagenesis. The present study investigated the cellular and molecular phenotypes in the line of mice with highest P0 transgene expression (P0tg). These mice displayed two consistent phenotypes, failed axonal sorting and arrested myelination.

P0 Distribution in P0tg Nerves
Most Schwann cells in P0tg nerves surrounded single axons or bundles of large diameter axons. To determine if these Schwann cells expressed P0, teased nerve fibers from 25 d P0tg nerves were stained with P0 antibodies and examined by confocal microscopy. Amyelinating Schwann cells surrounding single large diameter axons expressed abundant P0, had small cell bodies, and were closely spaced along individual axons (Fig. 1 A). P0 was detected in abaxonal and periaxonal regions of these cells and was concentrated in perikaryal cytoplasm. P0tg Schwann cells that surrounded bundles of axons also expressed abundant P0 (Fig. 1 B). This observation suggests that P0 overexpression impedes the sorting of axons into individual ensheathments.


Figure 1
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  		Figure 1 P0tg Schwann cells express P0, fail to grow longitudinally, and develop asynchronously along single axons. Confocal micrographs of teased fibers from 25 d P0tg nerves (A and B) immunostained with P0 (green) and tubulin (red). Schwann cells associated with single (A and B, arrows) or bundled (B, arrowheads) axons express P0 protein, but do not myelinate. C and D are identical fields from a set of 50 serial sections (1-µm thick) from a 42 d P0tg nerve. E is a schematic reconstruction of axonal profiles in the serial sections. Two adjacent axons (C and D, arrowheads) diverge and attain one-to-one contacts with Schwann cells. Others (C and D, arrows) leave one-to-one ensheathments and join large bundles: the reverse also occurs (C and D, paired arrows). One axon exits a bundle, attains a one-to-one relationship with Schwann cells, and then becomes myelinated by another Schwann cell (E, m). Bars, 25 µm.

 
To investigate whether the same axon/Schwann cell relationships were maintained for the length of individual axons, serial 1-µm sections from 42 d ventral roots were digitally photographed, and individual axons followed through 50–100 µm. Axon bundles split into smaller arrangements or combined to form larger bundles (Fig. 1C, Fig. D, and Fig. E). Axons were observed to leave a bundle, achieve one-to-one contact with a Schwann cell and then join another (or the same) bundle. No obvious changes in axon diameter marked the transition from large bundles to smaller bundles or to one-to-one ensheathment. The diameters of myelinated and nonmyelinated segments of the same axon did not appear to differ significantly. There was no obvious proximal-to-distal preference in Schwann cell–axon associations (Fig. 1 E). In unmyelinated fibers, P0tg Schwann cell nuclei were often spaced 1–3 µm apart. In contrast, in WT nerves, nuclei of nonmyelinating (Remak) Schwann cells were 50 µm or more apart, and the nuclei of myelinated Schwann cells were 200–1,000 µm apart.

EM analysis confirmed the phenotypes of failed axonal sorting and arrest of myelination in P0tg nerves (Fig. 2). At early stages of nerve development (five days), axons that failed to sort in one-to-one relationships were tightly bundled and totally or partially surrounded by Schwann cells (Fig. 2 A). A basal lamina often surrounded the outer perimeter of unensheathed regions of axon bundles, indicating former Schwann cell ensheathment. Myelin was not detected around axons in one-to-one relationships with Schwann cells, and occasionally individual Schwann cells were associated with two axons (Fig. 2 B). These phenotypes predominated in 90 d P0tg nerves (Fig. 2C and Fig. D). Many axons that failed to sort in one-to-one Schwann cell relationships had diameters in excess of 1 µm, and therefore should have been myelinated.


Figure 2
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  		Figure 2 P0tg Schwann cells fail to sort axons or form myelin. Electron micrographs of P0tg nerves from 5- (A and B) and 90- (C and D) d-old mice. P0tg Schwann cells surround, but rarely extend process into, bundles of axons at both ages (A and C). Diameter of bundled axons increased dramatically between 5- (A) and 90- (C) d. Many P0tg Schwann cells attain one-to-one relationships with axons but fail to form myelin (B and D). a, Axon. Bar, 2 µm.

 
At all ages analyzed by EM, perinuclear cytoplasm of P0tg Schwann cells contained the usual complement of organelles and did not display substantial lipid vacuoles, swollen ER, abnormal appearing Golgi apparatus, or apoptotic changes that would indicate that the Schwann cells were dying. Myelin degeneration, debris-laden macrophages, and onion bulbs were not observed in P0tg or WT nerves.

P0 Is Mistargeted in P0tg Schwann Cells
The correlation between extra copies of the P0 gene and arrest of myelination suggests that overexpression of P0 protein is responsible for the phenotype. To investigate this and elucidate the possible mechanism, the ultrastructural distribution of P0 protein was compared in ultrathin cryosections of control and P0tg nerves. In 2-d WT nerves, P0 antibodies labeled compact myelin, but not Schwann cell periaxonal, mesaxonal, or abaxonal membranes (Fig. 3 A). In P0tg nerves, however, intense P0 labeling of Schwann cell periaxonal, mesaxon, and abaxonal membranes was detected (Fig. 3 B). P0 labeling of axons and Schwann cell nuclei was rare in both control and P0tg nerves.


Figure 3
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  		Figure 3 P0 is mistargeted in P0tg Schwann cells with arrested myelination. Immunogold labeling in WT Schwann cells at 2 d detected P0 in compact myelin (A, m), but not in periaxonal membranes (A, arrows), mesaxons, or abaxonal membranes (A, arrowheads). In P0tg Schwann cells with arrested myelination, P0 labeling is abundant in the periaxonal (B, arrows), mesaxonal, and abaxonal (B, arrowheads) membranes. Gold particles were quantified and expressed per linear micrometer of abaxonal (C) and periaxonal membrane (D), and per micrometer squared of Golgi apparatus (E) at several ages (mean ± SEM). t tests indicated that the density of P0 was significantly increased (P < 0.0001) in P0tg membranes at all ages (C, D, and E). In addition, P0 labeling of 5 d P0tg periaxonal membranes was significantly greater than P0tg periaxonal membranes at 14, 42, and 90 d (C, P < 0.0001). Periaxonal P0 labeling cannot be scored after compact myelin forms, so WT values were only obtained at 2 d (D). Bar, 0.25µm.

 
Cryosections from 2, 5, 14, 42, and 90 d control and P0tg nerves were stained with P0 antibodies and gold particle densities were quantified per linear length of the periaxonal and abaxonal membrane (Fig. 3C and Fig. D). Because of the rapid rate of myelination and the close proximity of compact myelin and periaxonal membranes in control nerves, P0 gold particles could only be reliably quantified over periaxonal membranes in Schwann cells that had not formed compact myelin at two days. In Schwann cells from control nerves, the labeling indices of two day periaxonal membranes and 2, 5, 14, 42, and 90 d abaxonal plasma membrane ranged from 0.17–0.33 gold particles/µm (not statistically different). The data are consistent with previous reports describing low or undetectable levels of P0 in these membranes during normal myelination (Trapp et al. 1981). In contrast, the periaxonal and abaxonal membrane of P0tg Schwann cells that attained one-to-one relationships with axons but failed to myelinate, contained 10–20 times more P0 labeling than WT fibers (Fig. 3 C). The similarity between the labeling indices of periaxonal and abaxonal membrane suggests constitutive insertion of P0 into all surface membranes with arrested myelination in P0tg mice.

The possibility that Golgi membrane-associated P0 protein is increased in P0tg Schwann cells was investigated by quantifying the number of gold particles associated with Golgi membranes and their associated vesicles in 5 and 42 d control and P0tg Schwann cells with arrested myelination (Fig. 3 E). Gold particles were expressed per micrometer squared of Golgi apparatus area. At five days, there was a threefold increase in P0 gold particles (30.4 vs. 91.6) in P0tg Schwann cell Golgi membranes, when compared with five-day WT Golgi membranes. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). At 42 d, P0 labeling of control Schwann cell Golgi apparatus (35.1 gold particles/µm2) was similar to that at five days and ~45% less (P < 0.01) than that found in 42 d P0tg Schwann cells (66.9 gold particles/µm2).

Some Schwann cells in P0tg nerves escaped the inhibition of myelination and formed compact myelin, suggesting that these cells may have established normal targeting pathways for P0. P0 labeling indices for the abaxonal membrane of these P0tg myelinating Schwann cells were identical (0.2 particles/µm) to age-matched WT fibers (Fig. 4A and Fig. B) and tenfold less than those detected in nonmyelinating P0tg Schwann cells in the same sections (Fig. 3C and Fig. D, Fig. 4 C). When P0 labeling over compact myelin was compared in controls (Fig. 4 D) and P0tg mice (Fig. 4 E), the labeling index was ~40% higher for P0tg internodes (358 vs. 251 gold particles/µm2). This observation argues against the complete silencing of the P0 transgene in Schwann cells that myelinate in P0tg nerves.


Figure 4
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  		Figure 4 P0 is correctly targeted in myelinating Schwann cells from 45 d P0tg nerve. P0 immunogold labeling of myelinating Schwann cells from WT (A) and P0tg (B) ventral roots. P0 is concentrated in compact myelin (A and B, m), but little P0 is detected on the abaxonal plasma membrane (A and B, arrowheads). In contrast, myelination-arrested Schwann cells have abundant P0 staining of the abaxonal membrane (C, arrowheads). P0 labeling of myelination-arrested P0tg Schwann cell abaxonal membranes was significantly increased (P < 0.0001, t test) compared with abaxonal membranes in myelinating P0tg and WT Schwann cells (F). Compact myelin appears ultrastructurally similar in WT (D) and P0tg internodes (E). P0 labeling of compact myelin was significantly increased (P < 0.0001) in P0tg nerves (F). Bars, 1 µm.

 
MAG Sorting and Targeting Is Unaffected by P0 Overexpression
Overexpression and mistargeting of P0 may also affect the sorting and targeting of MAG, which is enriched in periaxonal and mesaxon membranes and excluded from compact myelin and the Schwann cell abaxonal membrane (Trapp and Quarles 1982; Trapp et al. 1995). Immunogold experiments were performed to determine if MAG was appropriately targeted in P0tg Schwann cells. As in WT myelinating cells, MAG antibodies labeled Golgi membranes and cytoplasmic vesicles of myelination-arrested P0tg Schwann cells (Fig. 5 A), indicating that the protein was synthesized and processed in these cells. When MAG labeling indices were compared in five day WT and P0tg nerves (Fig. 5 B), abaxonal membrane MAG staining was low (<0.2 particles/µm) in both control and P0tg nerves (Fig. 5 C). In contrast, the periaxonal membrane of control and P0tg fibers contained 1.3 and 1.0 gold particles/µm (Fig. 5 C). Whereas P0 overexpression slightly reduced the amount of periaxonal MAG, it had no apparent effect on the targeting of MAG to the periaxonal membrane. MAG labeling was rare in Schwann cell nuclei or axons.


Figure 5
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  		Figure 5 MAG is appropriately targeted and sorted in P0tg Schwann cells. A, P0tg Schwann cells with arrested myelination contain MAG labeling in periaxonal membranes. Periaxonal MAG labeling was slightly reduced in 5-d-old P0tg Schwann cells when compared with WT Schwann cells (C). Abaxonal membranes contained little MAG labeling in WT and P0tg Schwann cells (C). In ultrathin cryosections from 5-d-old mice double-labeled with P0 (B, 5-nm gold) and MAG (B, 10-nm gold) antibodies, 80% of Golgi apparatus-associated vesicles were labeled P0 antibodies, 19% by MAG antibodies, and <2% with P0 and MAG. Ax, Axon; Nu, nucleus. Bars, 1 µm.

 
P0 and MAG are sorted into separate carrier vesicles as they exit the trans-Golgi network (Trapp et al. 1995). To determine if P0 overexpression alters P0 or MAG sorting, cryosections from five day mice were labeled with both P0 and MAG antibodies, and gold particles associated with vesicles in the area of the trans-Golgi network (Fig. 5 B) were quantified (Fig. 5 C) as MAG-positive, P0-positive, or MAG–P0-positive. As described previously in control nerves (Trapp et al. 1995), ~80% of vesicles in P0tg Schwann cells contained only P0 gold particles (5 nm), 19% contained only MAG gold particles (10 nm), and 1–2% contained both MAG and P0 (5- and 10-nm gold particles). In both control and P0tg Schwann cells, ~65% of the P0-labeled vesicles contained more than one gold particle. These data indicate that MAG and P0 are appropriately sorted into separate carrier vesicles as they exit the trans-Golgi network of P0tg Schwann cells with arrested myelination.

P0 Is Abnormally Enriched in Endosomes in P0tg Schwann Cells
Abundant P0 labeling of transport vesicles and normal appearance of RER and Golgi membranes suggested that P0 protein was appropriately synthesized and processed in P0tg Schwann cells with arrested myelination. However, P0 labeling indices of Schwann cell surface membranes remained relatively constant between 14 and 42 d (Fig. 3C and Fig. D). These observations suggest a rapid turnover of P0 from P0tg Schwann cell surface membranes, possibly by endocytosis and P0 degradation through the endosomal/lysosomal system. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the density of gold particles over endosomes in P0-stained cryosection from control and P0tg Schwann cells at 5, 14, 42, and 90 d (Fig. 6). At five days, endosomes were prominent in P0tg Schwann cells with arrested myelination (Fig. 6 B). Endosomes were less conspicuous in control Schwann cells (Fig. 6 A). Quantification of P0 labeling detected 10 gold particles/µm2 of endosomal area in control Schwann cells. In contrast, P0tg Schwann cells contain 191 gold particles/µm2 of endosome area. At 14 d, endosomes in P0tg Schwann cells contained 129 gold particles/µm2, compared with 12 gold particles/µm2 in control Schwann cells. At 42 and 90 d, endosomes in P0tg Schwann cells contains 152 and 101 gold particles/µm2. Endosomes were rare in control Schwann cells of the same ages and, when present, contained >1 gold particle/µm2. These data are consistent with continuous removal of mistargeted P0 in P0tg Schwann cells with arrested myelination.


Figure 6
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  		Figure 6 P0 is targeted to endosomes in P0tg Schwann cells with arrested myelination. In ultrathin cryosections of myelinating Schwann cells from control nerves, endosomes (A*) were rarely labeled by P0 antibodies. In contrast, endosomes in P0tg Schwann cells with arrested myelination (B*) were abundant and intensely labeled by P0 antibodies. P0 labeling per endosomal area was quantified in control myelinating Schwann cell and P0tg Schwann cells with arrested myelination. P0tg endosomes contained 10–100 times greater P0 than endosomes in control Schwann cells (5 and 14 d, P < 0.0001 in t tests). Myelinating Schwann cells in 42- and 90-d WT nerves had too few endosomes for statistical analysis (C, x). *, Endosomes; Ax, axon; Nu, nucleus. B, Arrows denote periaxonal membrane and arrowheads denote abaxonal membrane. Bars: (A) 0.1 µm; (B) 0.25 µm.

 
Mistargeted P0 Disrupts the Mesaxon
Mesaxon membranes spiral upon themselves during initial stages of myelination. They initially form 3–6 spiral wraps, which contain detectable levels of MAG, but not P0 protein (Trapp 1988). The periodicity of portions of these mesaxon membranes then changes to that of compact myelin: extracellular leaflets are separated by a 2.5-nm gap and cytoplasmic leaflets appear as a fused major dense line (MDL). At this stage, P0 protein is detectable in single MAG-negative compact myelin lamellae (Trapp 1988). These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that mesaxon membranes are dynamic migratory membranes and that the insertion of P0 protein into these mesaxon membranes excludes MAG and favors homophilic binding between the extracellular domains of P0 in both cis and trans orientations, resulting in the 2.5-nm periodicity of compact myelin. Analysis of the periodicity of P0tg and control Schwann cell periaxonal and mesaxonal membranes provides an opportunity to test this hypothesis. The normal 12–14 nm spacing between the extracellular leaflets of periaxonal membrane and axolemma, and between apposing mesaxon membranes are shown in a control fiber (Fig. 7A and Fig. B). In P0tg Schwann cells (Fig. 7C and Fig. D), the periaxonal space is similar to that in control fibers (12–14 nm). However, the extracellular leaflets (Fig. 7 D) of the mesaxon wraps are separated by a smaller gap resembling that of compact myelin. This compact myelin-like separation of the extracellular leaflets of this mesaxon was documented in most P0tg Schwann cells with arrested myelination. The length of these P0 containing mesaxon membranes varies from short outer mesaxon-like structures that connect periaxonal and plasma membranes (Fig. 7 C) to 50% ensheathment of axonal perimeter (Fig. 7 E). Similarly, where the abaxonal membrane of two adjacent P0tg Schwann cells were closely apposed, the basal lamina was excluded and the extracellular leaflets were separated by distances reminiscent of the periodicity of compact myelin (Fig. 7 F, arrowheads). The mesaxon membranes with closely apposed extracellular leaflets were stained by P0 antibodies (Fig. 7 G).


Figure 7
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  		Figure 7 P0 mistargeting alters the spacing between Schwann cell membranes. A–E compare early mesaxon formation in control (A and B) and P0tg (C, D, and E) fibers. The spacing between apposing Schwann cell mesaxon membranes (B and D, arrowheads) averages 12–14 nm in control (B, arrowheads) and resembles that of compact myelin in P0tg (D, arrowheads). Spacing between Schwann cell periaxonal membranes and the axons were similar in control and P0tg fibers (B and D, arrows). Mesaxon membranes in P0tg nerves rarely encircled >50% of the axon (E). Abaxonal membranes of adjacent P0tg Schwann cells occasionally excluded their basal lamina and were closely apposed (F, arrowheads). Closely apposed mesaxon and abaxonal membranes were labeled by P0 antibodies (G, arrowheads). Ax, Axon; Nu, Schwann cell nuclei. Bars: (A, C, E, and G) 0.2 µm; (B and D) 0.1 µm; (F) 0.5 µm.

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
This report describes arrest of myelination and failed axon sorting due to overexpression of P0 protein. Our data established that P0 protein is overexpressed in mesaxon membranes where its obligate homophilic adhesion arrests myelination. While molecular mechanisms responsible for failed axonal sorting were not investigated in detail, Schwann cells that fail to sort axons express excessive levels of P0. Early, high level P0 expression in developing Schwann cells inhibits the polarization of Schwann cell membranes into appropriate functional domains and the dynamic axonal interaction and Schwann cell membrane expansion required for appropriate axonal sorting and myelination.

Specificity of Phenotype
Axon–Schwann cell interactions and signaling are bidirectional and mediated by physical contact. Unidentified axonal signals initiate a myelinating genome in Schwann cells and axonal contact is essential for myelin formation (Aguayo et al. 1976; Weinberg and Spencer 1976). Schwann cells in turn provide an extrinsic trophic effect for maturation of the axon (Windebank et al. 1985; deWaegh et al. 1992; Hsieh et al. 1994; Sanchez et al. 1996; Yin et al. 1998). Individual axons in P0tg mice can be myelinated, surrounded by a Schwann cell with arrested myelination, or part of an axonal bundle (Fig. 1 E). These observations and the rescue of the P0tg phenotype through breeding to P0 null mice (Wrabetz et al. 2000, this issue) are most consistent with a primary Schwann cell defect in P0tg mice. While extensive analysis of axonal diameters has yet to be performed, axonal diameters increase in the P0tg nerves regardless of the Schwann cell state of differentiation. Schwann cells in one-to-one associations with axons contained MAG, a molecule previously demonstrated to influence axonal maturation by increasing the phosphorylation state and spacing of neurofilaments (Yin et al. 1998).

P0 Overexpression Causes a Unique Phenotype
Myelin protein overexpression causes a variety of phenotypes in mice. Whereas Schwann cells overexpressing P0 share some similarities with Schwann cells overexpressing other myelin proteins, the phenotype of failed axonal sorting and arrest of myelination at early mesaxon formation is unique. The P0tg phenotype differs from that produced by the toxic accumulation of overexpressed PLP in the Golgi apparatus and RER (Kagawa et al. 1994; Readhead et al. 1994). Schwann cell death and abnormal RER and Golgi networks were not observed in P0tg nerves. Processing and folding the four membrane-spanning PLP in the RER and Golgi apparatus may represent a greater challenge than the processing of the single membrane spanning P0 protein. Transgenic mice with extra copies of PMP22 genes display progressive neurological phenotypes and peripheral nerve pathology that correlate with copy number (Magyar et al. 1996; Sereda et al. 1996). At higher doses, Schwann cells sorted axons in one-to-one relationships, formed a normal basal lamina, rarely formed myelin, but had normal mesaxon membrane spacing. Although the function of PMP22 is unknown, the mechanisms responsible for arrest of myelination in PMP22 overexpressing mice are likely to differ significantly from those in P0tg mice.

2',3' cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) is an extrinsic membrane protein that associates with the cytoplasmic side of oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell surface membranes, but is normally excluded from compact myelin (Yin et al. 1997; Braun et al. 1988; Trapp et al. 1988). In transgenic mice with a sixfold increase in CNP levels (Gravel et al. 1996; Yin et al. 1997), oligodendrocytes spirally wrapped axons, but often failed to form MDL. CNP was mistargeted to the cytoplasmic leaflet of these myelin membranes and prevented normal accumulation of myelin basic protein (Yin et al. 1997), a molecular requirement of MDL formation in the CNS (Privat et al. 1979; Roach et al. 1983). These observations provide another example of mistargeting of a myelin-related protein due to overexpression and indicate protein-specific phenotypes as a result of the molecular properties of the overexpressed proteins.

Mechanism of P0 Targeting
Much of what is known about mechanisms of protein sorting and targeting has been obtained from in vitro studies of epithelial cells that polarize their surfaces into apical and basolateral domains (Rodriguez-Boulan and Nelson 1989; Simons and Wandinger-Ness 1990; Mostov et al. 1992; Weimbs et al. 1997). Proteins are targeted to appropriate domains by direct or indirect pathways (Rindler et al. 1984; Hubbard and Stieger 1989). Previous studies support direct delivery of P0 protein to compact myelin in an MT-dependent manner (Trapp et al. 1995; Kidd et al. 1996). In the present study, P0 protein was detected on all surface membranes of P0tg Schwann cells, indicating that P0 is synthesized and transported, but not appropriately targeted. The distributions of Golgi apparatus, intermediate filaments, RER, and smooth ER are maintained by MTs (Trapp et al. 1995) and appeared unaltered in P0tg Schwann cells. Based on these observations, it is unlikely that P0 mistargeting results from abnormal MT distribution or function.

P0tg Schwann cells in one-to-one relationship with axons appropriately ensheath axons, target MAG to periaxonal membranes, and form a basal lamina on their abaxonal membrane. Thus, a significant degree of membrane polarization and appropriate protein targeting occurs in the presence of P0 overexpression. Site-specific targeting of membrane proteins occurs via a variety of mechanisms including sorting into specific transport vesicles in the Golgi apparatus, site-specific intracellular vesicular transport, site-specific vesicle docking or fusion, inhibition of vesicle docking or fusion, and stabilization of proteins within discrete membrane domains (Weimbs et al. 1997; Allan and Balch 1999). Whereas our data indicated normal sorting of P0 and MAG in the trans-Golgi network, we cannot rule out the possibility that excessive P0 is missorted into vesicles destined for membranes other than compact myelin. P0 labeling of Golgi membranes was increased in P0tg Schwann cells. P0 did not accumulate in the Golgi apparatus with age, however, and Golgi membranes appeared normal in electron micrographs. These observations support normal synthesis and processing of P0 to the carrier vesicle stage. In addition, when carrier vesicle transport is halted in myelinating Schwann cells by MT disruption, P0-enriched carrier vesicles accumulated in perinuclear cytoplasm and fused to form compact myelin-like membranes (Trapp et al. 1995). Such membranes were not abundant in P0tg Schwann cells cytoplasm, supporting targeting of P0 to surface membranes.

Whereas our data supports interpretations regarding the synthesis, sorting, and targeting of P0, they are based on static images of P0 distribution. Pulse–chase experiments of P0 synthesis and degradation would be essential to establish the role of the endosomal system in P0 targeting (Gu and Gruenberg 1999; Marsh and McMahon 1999). While the interpretation that mistargeted P0 is removed from membranes by endocytosis is supported by the close proximity of P0-labeled endosomes to abaxonal membranes, it is possible that overexpressed P0 is also directly targeted to the endosomal/lysosomal system. In either case, the absence of significant amounts of P0 in endosomes during normal myelination supports the general conclusion that P0 overexpression results in P0 accumulation in endosomes.

P0 Homophilic Binding Inhibits Mesaxon Expansion
During normal myelination, P0 has been detected in compact myelin, but not mesaxon membranes. As mesaxon membranes convert to compact myelin, however, P0 is likely to be transiently present in MAG-positive mesaxon membranes at levels not detected by current techniques. In P0tg mesaxon membranes, levels of P0 reached the threshold for detection and trans adhesion during their initial wrap. Arrest of myelination may result from simple overexpression of P0 in mesaxon membranes, where it is normally expressed at low undetectable levels on its way to the expanding myelin sheath, or by early expression and mistargeting to mesaxon membranes before establishment of migratory machinery. P0-mediated trans adhesion at 2.5 nm also requires exclusion of molecules with large extracellular domains. MAG (Fig. 5A and Fig. C) and P0 (Fig. 3B and Fig. D) were detected in the periaxonal membrane of P0tg Schwann cells that apposed the P0-negative axolemma by 12–14 nm (Fig. 7). The abaxonal membrane of most P0tg Schwann cells contained significant levels of P0 and a normal appearing basal lamina. The presence of P0 in a single membrane, therefore, does not exclude other proteins with large extracellular domains. However, when P0-positive mesaxon or abaxonal membranes apposed each other, MAG and the basal lamina were excluded, resulting in close apposition (2.5 nm; Fig. 7). In addition, P0 transfection in nonadherent cells in vitro induced obligate adhesion of apposing plasma membranes, reorganization of submembranous cytoskeleton, and junctional complexes at the transition between adherent and nonadherent membrane domains (D'Urso et al. 1990; Filbin et al. 1990). Liquid crystallography at 1.9 Å resolution supports emanation of the extracellular domain of P0 as cis-linked tetramers that bind to P0 tetramers in opposite orientation on the apposing membrane surface (Shapiro et al. 1996). Collectively, these data support the possibility that arrest of myelination in P0tg mice is caused by early trans-P0 tetramer binding of the initial mesaxon wrap. This trans-P0 binding induces cis-P0 tetramer binding, which then excludes molecules responsible for spiral wrapping of mesaxon membranes.


   Acknowledgments
 
We wish to thank Heide Peickert and Denice Springman for technical assistance, and Vikki Pickett for typing the manuscript.

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grants NS-38186 (to B.D. Trapp) and NS-23375 (to A. Messing), by Telethon Italy (L. Wrabetz and M.L. Feltri), European Community Biomed Program (L. Wrabetz), and Fondazione Giovanni Armenise-Harvard (L. Wrabetz and M.L. Feltri).

Submitted: 19 October 1999

Revised: 12 January 2000

Accepted: 24 January 2000

Abbreviations used in this paper: CMT1A, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A; CMT1B, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1B; CNP, 2',3' cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase; MAG, myelin-associated glycoprotein; MDL, major dense line; MT, microtubule; P0tg, TgN22Mes transgenic mice overexpressing P0 proteins; PLP, proteolipid protein; PMP22, peripheral myelin protein 22 kD; WT, wild-type.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

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