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© The Rockefeller University Press, 0021-9525/2001//881 $5.00
The Journal of Cell Biology, Volume 153, Number 4, , 2001 881-888

Nascent Focal Adhesions Are Responsible for the Generation of Strong Propulsive Forces in Migrating Fibroblasts

^a Department of Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Masachusetts 01605
^b Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
^c Institute of Molecular Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
University of Massachusetts Medical School, 377 Plantation St., Suite 327, Worcester, MA 01605.(508) 856-8774(508) 856-8781

yuli.wang{at}umassmed.edu

Fibroblast migration involves complex mechanical interactions with the underlying substrate. Although tight substrate contact at focal adhesions has been studied for decades, the role of focal adhesions in force transduction remains unclear. To address this question, we have mapped traction stress generated by fibroblasts expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-zyxin. Surprisingly, the overall distribution of focal adhesions only partially resembles the distribution of traction stress. In addition, detailed analysis reveals that the faint, small adhesions near the leading edge transmit strong propulsive tractions, whereas large, bright, mature focal adhesions exert weaker forces. This inverse relationship is unique to the leading edge of motile cells, and is not observed in the trailing edge or in stationary cells. Furthermore, time-lapse analysis indicates that traction forces decrease soon after the appearance of focal adhesions, whereas the size and zyxin concentration increase. As focal adhesions mature, changes in structure, protein content, or phosphorylation may cause the focal adhesion to change its function from the transmission of strong propulsive forces, to a passive anchorage device for maintaining a spread cell morphology.

Key Words: focal adhesions • cell movement • cell adhesion molecules • actomyosin • fluorescence microscopy

© 2001 The Rockefeller University Press

Abbreviations used in this paper: GFP, green fluorescent protein; IRM, interference reflection microscopy.

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